A simultaneous X-Ray/MRI and noncontact mapping study of the acute hemodynamic effect of left ventricular endocardial and epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy in humans.

BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using endocardial left ventricular (LV) pacing may be superior to conventional CRT. We studied the acute hemodynamic response to conventional CRT and LV pacing from different endocardial sites using a combined cardiac MRI and LV noncontact mapping (NCM) protocol to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen patients (age, 63 ± 10 years; 12 men) awaiting CRT were studied in a combined x-ray and MRI laboratory. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was performed to define areas of myocardial fibrosis. Patients underwent an electrophysiological study incorporating endocardial and epicardial LV pacing. Acute hemodynamic response was measured using a pressure wire within the LV cavity to derive LV dP/dt max. NCM was used to define areas of slow conduction. There was a significant improvement in all LV pacing modes versus baseline (P<0.001). LV endocardial CRT from the best endocardial site was superior to conventional CRT, with a 79.8 ± 49.0% versus 59.6 ± 49.5% increase in LV dP/dt max of from baseline (P<0.05). The hemodynamic benefits of pacing were greater when LV stimulation was performed outside of areas of slow conduction defined by NCM (P<0.001). Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was able to delineate zones of slow conduction seen with NCM in ischemic patients but was unreliable in nonischemic patients. CONCLUSIONS Endocardial LV pacing appears superior to conventional CRT, although the optimal site varies between subjects and is influenced by pacing within areas of slow conduction. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was a poor predictor of zones of slow conduction in nonischemic patients.